3.9.1 Space heating and cooling
In IPPC installations there are a wide range of space heating and cooling activities. The application and use depend on the sector and the location in Europe, and are used:
●to maintain satisfactory working conditions
●to maintain product quality (e.g. cold rooms)
●to maintain input material quality and handling characteristics, e .g. enclosed waste storage areas in Scandinavia, prevention of corrosion on components treatment in surface treatment metal industries.
The systems can be localised ( e.g. IR space heaters for equipment in storage areas) or centralised (e.g. air conditioning systems in offices).
The consumption of energy in space heating/cooling is considerable. For instance, in France it is about 30 TWh, representing nearly 10 % fuel consumption. It is quite common to have high heating temperatures in industrial buildings that could be easily reduced by 1 or 2 °C; conversely, when cooling, it is common to have temperatures that could be increased by 1 or 2 ºC without degrading the comfort. These measures imply a change for the employees and they should be implemented with an information campaign.
Energy savings can be achieved in two ways:
※reducing the heating/cooling needs by:
●building insulation
●efficient glazing
●air infiltration reduction
●automatic closure of doors
●destratification
●lower temperature settings during non-production periods (programmable regulation)
●reducing set point
※improving the efficiency of heating systems through:
●recovery or use of waste heat (see Section 3.3)
●heat pumps
●radiative and local heating systems coupled with reduced temperatures in the unoccupied areas of the buildings.
3.9.2.1 Design optimisation of a new or upgraded ventilation system
Having a clear idea of the requirements for a ventilation system helps to make the right choices and to decide on the right design. These may be:
●clean air intake
●maintenance of environmental conditions ( temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.), for either improving comfort and health within working areas or for product protection
●transportation of materials
●extraction of smoke, dust, humidity and/or hazardous products.
The flow diagram shown in Figure 3.42 can assist in determining the most suitable energy efficiency options for a particular situation:
The flow diagram shown in Figure 3.42 can assist in determining the most suitable energy efficiency options for a particular situation:
Interactions and their relative effects, particularly between the fan and the air duct system, can account for a high percentage of the losses in a given circuit. A coherent approach must therefore be used to design a system that meets both functional specifications and optimal energy efficiency requirements.
The following types of ventilation system can be used, see Figure 3.41:
●general ventilation: these systems are used to change the air in large volume working areas. Several types of clean air ventilation systems are possible, depending on the premises to be ventilated, the pollution, and whether or not air conditioning is required. Airflow is a major element influencing energy consumption. The lower the flowrate, the lower the energy consumption
●specific ventilation: these ventilation systems are designed to remove emissions as close as possible to the source. Unlike general ventilation systems, they are directed at localised pollutant emissions. These systems have the advantage of capturing pollutants as soon as they are emitted, using specific intakes, and preventing them from being propagated throughout the work area. They have the following advantages:
○preventing any contact with their operators
○avoiding the renewal of all the air in the work area.
In both cases, extracted air may require treatment prior to discharge to the atmosphere (see the CWW BREF).
3.9.1 空間供暖與冷房
歐盟地區有廣泛的空間有供暖與冷房活動需求。在歐洲不同部門和地區有不同的應用：
●維持滿意的工作條件
●維持產品品質
●維持投入料的品質與運送特性，例如北歐金屬表面處理工業的密閉式儲存場所防止組件銹蝕
HVAC系統可以是分散式系統(如設備儲存區的紅外線空間加熱器)，也可以是集中式系統(如辦公室的中央空調)。
空間供暖與冷房所耗用的能源頗為可觀，例如在法國約有30TWh，表示約有10%的燃料消耗在HVAC方面。
通常工業建物內的溫度很高，要降低1~2 °C是容易的事。相反的，在冷房的環境，溫度再提高1~2 °C也不會影響舒適度。這些或可透過資訊競賽的方式讓員工改變與接受。
HVAC的節能措施有下列兩種：
※減少供暖與冷房的需求：
●建築物絕熱
●有效地鑲裝玻璃窗
●減少空氣滲漏
●安裝自動門
●防止室內空氣分層化
●停止作業期間藉由程式調整溫度設定(譯註：停工期降低暖氣需求)
●減少設定點
※經由下列措施可增進供暖系統效率：
●回收廢熱或使用廢熱
●採用熱泵
●在建築物內無人使用的範圍，將輻射熱源或小區加熱系統的溫度調低。
3.9.2.1 新設或升級通風系統最佳化設計
對於通風系統的需求有清楚觀念有益於系統作用及設計的決定。相關需求有：
●吸入清潔的空氣
●維護環境條件，如溫度、壓力、濕度，以增進工作區的舒適感與健康或保護產品品質
●方便原物料的運送
●去除煙霧、灰塵、濕氣或危害物質
圖3.42的流程圖可以協助決定特別情況時最合適的能效選擇。
各部件的互動和相關效應，特別是風車和風管系統間在一迴路中可能會有很大的損失。所以，必須引用整體性的考量以設計一套符合功能需求規範及最佳效率要求的系統。
如圖3.41引用下列2種系統：
●一般通風系統：用來當作大範圍工作場所的空氣置換。有許多不同種類的空氣清淨通風系統，端視室內通風污染情形及是否要有空調系統等。風量是影響能源使用的主要因素，風量越少能耗越低。
●特殊通風系統：此類通風系統設計主要以靠近排放源將排放物移除。不像一般通風，此系統專為現場污染物移除而設，其好處在於污染物排出時用特製的吸入罩將之捕捉，避免延伸至整體工作區。此系統的優點有：
○避免工作人員碰觸汙染物
○避免將工作區的整體空氣置換
以上兩種系統都必須將所捕捉的空氣在排出至大氣前作必要處理。
3.9.1 Space heating and cooling
No data submitted.
3.9.2.1 Design optimisation of a new or upgraded ventilation system
None reported.
3.9.1 空間供暖與冷房
無
3.9.2.1 新設或升級通風系統最佳化設計
無
3.9.1 Space heating and cooling
Temperatures may be set by other criteria, e .g. regulatory minimum temperatures for staff, maximum temperatures to maintain product quality for food.
3.9.2.1 Design optimisation of a new or upgraded ventilation system
Applicable to all new systems or when upgrading.
3.9.1 空間供暖與冷房
溫度設定也要視其要件，例如法規要求給員工舒適的最低溫度、維持食品品質的最大溫度等條件。
3.9.2.1 新設或升級通風系統最佳化設計
適用於全部新設或更新系統
3.9.1 Space heating and cooling
No data submitted.
3.9.2.1 Design optimisation of a new or upgraded ventilation system
In most audited installations, potential energy savings of up to 30 % of consumption have been detected. There are many possible actions giving a return on investment often within 3 years.
3.9.1 空間供暖與冷房
無
3.9.2.1 新設或升級通風系統最佳化設計
審視大多數的設施潛在節能效果可達30%。若採取適當的改善措施，其投資可於3年回本。
Energy Efficiency (2009) 3.9.1、3.9.2.1
