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Artificial lighting accounts for a significant part of all electrical energy consumed worldwide. In offices, from 20 to 50 percent of the total energy consumed is due to lighting. Most importantly, for some buildings over 90 per cent of lighting energy consumed can be an unnecessary expense through over-illumination. Thus, lighting represents a critical component of energy use today, especially in large office buildings and for other large scale uses where there are many alternatives for energy utilisation in lighting.
There are several techniques available to minimise energy requirements in any building:
a) identification of lighting requirements for each area
This is the basic concept of deciding how much lighting is required for a given task. Lighting types are classified by their intended use as general, localised, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. Clearly, much less light is required for illuminating a walkway compared to that needed for a computer workstation. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 800 lux might be chosen for a work environment encompassing meeting and conference rooms, whereas a level of 400 lux could be selected f or building corridors:
●general lighting is intended for the general illumination of an area. Indoors, this would be a basic lamp on a table or floor, or a fixture on the ceiling. Outdoors, general lighting for a parking area may be as low as 10 − 20 lux since pedestrians and motorists already accustomed to the dark will need little light for crossing the area
●task lighting is mainly functional and is usually the most concentrated, for purposes such as reading or inspection of materials. For example, reading poor quality print products may require task lighting levels up to 1500 lux, and some inspection tasks or surgical procedures require even higher levels.
b) analysis of lighting quality and design
●the integration of space planning with interior design ( including choice of interior surfaces and room geometries) to optimise the use of natural light. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favourably impact on human health and performance
●planning activities to optimise the use of natural light
●consideration of the spectral content required for any activities needing artificial light
●selection of fixtures and lamp types that reflect best available techniques for energy conservation.
Types of electric lighting include:
●Incandescent light bulbs: an electrical current passes through a thin filament, heating it and causing it to become excited, releasing light in the process. The enclosing glass bulb prevents the oxygen in air from destroying the hot filament. An advantage of incandescent bulbs is that they can be produced for a wide range of voltages, from just a few volts up to several hundred. Because of their relatively poor luminous efficacy, incandescent light bulbs are gradually being replaced in many applications by fluorescent lights, high intensity discharge lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and other devices
●arc lamps or gas discharge lamps: an arc lamp is the general term for a class of lamps that produce light by an electric arc (or voltaic arc). The lamp consists of two electrodes typically made of tungsten which are separated by a gas. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas ( argon, neon, krypton or xenon) or a mixture of these gases. Most lamps contain additional materials, such as mercury, sodium, and/or metal halides. The common fluorescent lamp is actually a low pressure mercury arc lamp where the inside of the bulb is coated with a light emitting phosphor. High intensity discharge lamps operate at a higher current than the fluorescent lamps, and come in many varieties depending on the material used. Lightning could be thought of as a type of natural arc lamp, or at least a flash lamp. The type of lamp is often named by the gas contained in the bulb including neon, argon, xenon, krypton, sodium, metal halide, and mercury. The most common arc or gas discharge lamps are:
○ fluorescent lamps
○ metal halide lamps
○ high pressure sodium lamps
○ low pressure sodium lamps.
The electric arc in an arc or gas discharge lamp consists of gas which is initially ionised by a voltage and is therefore electrically conductive. To start an arc lamp, usually a very high voltage is needed to 'ignite' or ' strike' the arc . This requires an electrical circuit sometimes called an 'igniter', which is part of a larger circuit called the 'ballast'. The ballast supplies a suitable voltage and current to the lamp as its electrical characteristics change with temperature and time. The ballast is typically designed to maintain safe operating conditions and a constant light output over the life of the lamp. The temperature of the arc can reach several thousand degrees Celsius. An arc or gas discharge lamp offers a long life and a high light efficiency, but is more complicated to manufacture, and requires electronics to provide the correct current flow through the gas
●sulphur lamps: the sulphur lamp is a highly efficient full spectrum electrodeless lighting system whose light is generated by sulphur plasma that has been excited by microwave radiation. With the exception of fluorescent lamps, the warm-up time of the sulphur lamp is notably shorter than for other gas discharge lamps, even at low ambient temperatures. It reaches 80 % of its final luminous flux within twenty seconds (video), and the lamp can be restarted approximately five minutes after a power cut
●light emitting diodes, including organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs): a light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits incoherent narrow spectrum light. One of the key advantages of L ED-based lighting is its high efficiency, as measured by its light output per unit of power input. If the emitting layer material of an LED is an organic compound, it is known as an organic light emitting diode (OLED). Compared with regular LEDs, OLEDs are lighter, and polymer LEDs can have the added benefit of being flexible. Commercial application of both types has begun, but applications at an industrial level are still limited.
Different types of lights have vastly differing efficiencies as shown in Table 3.27 below.

The most efficient source of electric light is the low pressure sodium lamp. It produces an almost monochromatic orange light, which severely distorts colour perception. For this reason, it is generally reserved for outdoor public lighting usages. Low pressure sodium lights generate light pollution that can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectra.
Data on options, such as types of lighting, are available via the Green Light Programme. This is a voluntary prevention initiative encouraging non-residential electricity consumers ( public and private), referred to as ' Partners', to commit to the European Commission to install energy efficient lighting technologies in their facilities when (1) it is profitable, and (2) lighting quality is maintained or improved.
c) management of lighting
●emphasise the use of lighting management control systems including occupancy sensors, timers, etc. aiming at reducing lighting consumption
●training of building occupants to utilise lighting equipment in the most efficient manner
●maintenance of lighting systems to minimise energy wastage.

人工照明在全球電力消費上佔有可觀的比例，ㄧ辦公室中約有20~50%的能耗來自照明，最重要的是部分大樓中約有90%照明能耗因為過度明亮而浪費金錢。所以，照明是能源使用的要項，特別是在辦公大樓及其他大規模使用照明的場所，其照明使用能源有許多替代方法。
有些技術可用在建物以減少照明的能源消耗需求。
a) 確認每一工作區的照明需求
這是決定ㄧ項工作需要多少照明的基本觀念。照明型式以其使用區別可分為：ㄧ般照明、場所照明及工作照明三種，視燈具照度分布而定。顯然地，走道需要亮度和電力工作站亮度就有不同。ㄧ般來說，照明所須能量與其設計照明亮度水準是成正比的，如工作環境中的會議室亮度水準有800 lux，建物的走道用400 lux就可以。
●ㄧ般照明是指區域照明，在室內照明有檯燈、立燈或天花板照明燈；在戶外如停車區也許可以低到10~20 lux即可，因為行人或駕駛人已經習慣黑暗，只需要ㄧ些照明供其經過停車場即可。
●工作照明是主要功能，也是集中使用的照明，如閱讀或檢查材料。例如在閱讀印刷品質不太好的印刷品時，照明度可能要高到1500 lux；其他如檢驗工作或外科手術過程則需要更高的照度。
b) 分析照明品質與設計
●整合空間規劃與室內設計，包括內裝牆面和房間隔間作最佳的自然採光。自然採光不但節能，還有助於人們健康與工作表現。
●規劃活動內容，以作最佳的自然採光。
●把活動所需要的人工照明光譜條件納入規劃考量。
●選用燈具與燈泡的型式，以反映能源節約的最佳可行技術。
電氣照明的型式有下列幾項：
●白熱光燈泡：電流通過細燈絲加熱使其激發放出光亮，其包容於玻璃燈球內，防止空氣中的氧氣破壞高溫熱燈絲。白熱光燈泡的好處在於其可以依廣範圍電壓(小伏特數到幾百伏特)而生產使用。但由於其相對照度效果不佳，白熱光燈泡已逐漸被其他如鹵素燈、高強度放電燈(HID)、發光二極體燈(LED)等設備取代。
●弧光燈或氣體放電燈：弧光燈是電弧光燈具的總稱。其燈泡由一對電極(通常是鎢金屬)間含有稀有氣體如氬氣、氖氣、氪氣或氙氣的單品或混合氣體將之隔離電極。此類燈泡都會含有其他金屬，如水銀、鈉或氦化金屬。常見的鹵素燈設計是低壓的水銀弧光燈，在燈泡內噴塗一層低放射性磷粉。高強度放電燈比鹵素燈需要更強的電流，依材料的不同有許多種類。打雷閃電可以比喻是一種弧光燈的作用。這類燈具通常以其中所含的氣體或金屬來命名。這類燈具常見的有：
○ 鹵素燈
○ 金屬氦氣燈
○ 高壓鈉素燈
○ 低壓鈉素燈
弧光燈或氣體放電燈中的電弧是由其組成氣體被電壓離子化具導電性而產生光，要啟動弧光燈通常需要高電壓去點火，所需要的電氣線圈叫點啟動器，與其一起工作的迴路叫安定器，安定器供給適當的電壓和電流給燈泡，使其隨溫度和時間改變其電氣特性。安定器通常會設計成安全操作的條件及提供燈泡使用期間穩定的光源。弧光的溫度可高達攝氏數千度。弧光燈或氣體放電燈的使用壽命很長，而且有很高的發光效果，但在製造時有些複雜，而且需要電子零件提供氣體正確電流量。
●微波硫燈：是一種無電極式高效率全光譜的照明系統，由微波放射激發的硫電漿產生光源。除了鹵素燈外，微波硫燈的預熱時間比其他氣體放電燈具短而快。即使在外界溫度低的時候也是如此。它可以在20秒內達到其最後亮度的80%，在電源關閉後將近5分鐘內就可以重新啟動點燈。
●發光二極體(LED)及有機發光二極體(OLED)：LED是一種半導體二極體，發射非同調狹窄光譜的光源。其好處是LED燈量測其單位電能投入及光的產出是屬高效率。如果LED發射層的材料為有機化合物就叫做有機發光二極體(OLED)，其與LED比較，OLED比較輕，如是聚合物LED則有可撓性的好處。二者在商業上的用途已經很普遍，但在工業層次則一直受限。
最有效率的電氣照明是低壓鈉燈，它可以發出單光譜的橘黃色光，其單色性太強，顯色性很差，所以一般都將之設在戶外供大眾照明用。低壓鈉燈產生的光害(污染)相對於寬光譜或連續光譜的光源容易被過濾。
這類型照明的相關資料可以自綠色照明計劃取得。這是一個自願性、預防性的倡議，鼓勵非居家用電者(公部門及私部門)的夥伴對歐盟承諾在一些設施採用高能效的照明技術，使其能有利及維護照明品質。
c) 照明系統管理
●強調要採用照明管理與控制系統，包括使用點燈感應器、點燈定時器等，目的就是要減少照明的電力消耗。
●教育與訓練建物內(使用人)住戶，以最有效率的態度利用照明設備。
●維護照明系統，減少能源浪費。